Participants will discuss a set-point model, which is aimed at the weight differences heading up or down to a fundamental value. Some results about the very complex control mechanisms include:

Leptin, a hormone that is produced in fat cells. The more fat there is in the fat cells, the higher the leptin concentration.  Primarily, it informs the CNS, whether the body is just starved to death.  It also inhibits the appetite.

Most overweight people seem to suffer from leptin resistance. There are now two possible explanations: a defect in leptin transport across the blood-brain barrier and a defective leptin receptor. Insulin is produced in the pancreas.  It regulates the glucose concentration in the blood. Mice whose neurons do not possess insulin receptors, are suffering from mild obesity.

PYY, GLP-1, and CCK Oxyntomodulin are produced in the gut and reduce hunger.

Ghrelin is a peptide that, among other things, is formed in the stomach. It stimulates the appetite. All this information is processed in the central nervous system and regulates appetite, energy use, the hormone levels and growth.

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There are added pressures to drink more over Christmas. Social pressures – office parties, or being part of any social event usually means that drinking is involved. Peer pressure from friends to drink more than you are used to, even though you know it will make you ill or anti-social. Pressure to conform, and in the end it is really difficult to stand out and say no – when everyone around you ‘seems’ to be having such a great time it is natural that you will want to feel that way too. Once you’ve had a couple of drinks it is even harder to say no – you feel great – your inhibitions are down and why stop now when you’re having so much fun? Then of course there is the pressure you put on yourself to feel better. You might feel alone because of a relationship break-up or bereavement; you may feel lonely or depressed. Be very wary that you aren’t just using alcohol to try and escape your mood. You may need help.

The facts about the status of liver disease in the UK are sobering:-

• Liver disease is the fifth biggest killer in the UK and the only one out of the “top five diseases” on the rise.
• The UK is the only major developed nation showing an upward trend in the number of deaths from liver disease.
• Up to 2 million people are suffering from chronic liver disease in the UK, many of whom remain unaware of their illness.
• Deaths from chronic liver disease have increased by eight times in men aged 35-44yrs and seven times in women, over the past three decades
• The process is silent, but when liver disease has developed it presents as an acute illness with a 25-50% immediate mortality

Here are some handy ways to still have fun over Christmas but keep your alcohol-limit down:-

• There are loads of alcohol-free alternatives for a great night out. Why not organise a social event where having a drink isn’t quite so all important. Cinema, bowling, ice-skating, theatre anyone?
• Get out on the dance floor. If you are dancing you aren’t drinking and it’s great exercise too to burn off those alcohol induced calories; always remember to sneak a bottle of water in with you too for when you get thirsty!
• Avoid ‘pre-loading’ with alcohol before you go out. This is lethal and can ruin the evening. Make an excuse to meet up with your mates later; less drinking time and by then they won’t notice as much if you are on a go slow and drink less than them.
• Keep the water flowing. If you are entertaining at home, or at friends then put out large jugs of water and glasses and keep topping up. Order a soda or lemonade to top up your white wine and make it last longer!
• Make sure food comes first. Eating slows down the absorption of alcohol into the bloodstream, which will help you avoid getting drunk too quickly. So, remember to eat a meal before starting to drink and get stuck into the nibbles that are laid on.
• Opt out of the drinks kitty. Handing your cash over is a sure way to end up drinking faster and spending more money than you mean to. Avoid drinking in rounds for the same reasons – if you’re in a large group of people, the rounds will be equally as big. Limit the cash you take out with you; leave your cash card at home so you won’t be tempted at the cashpoint!

The need for early detection of liver disease is essential because once significant damage to the liver occurs; therapies other than liver transplantation may not be beneficial. If you are worried about your liver health then the YorkTest LiverCheck test is a confidential quick and easy home test that delivers reliable laboratory test results all from the comfort of your home.

Dr. Gillian Hart is a Scientific Director for YorkTest Laboratories, specialists in food intolerance testing including their liver function tests. For more information on types of food intolerance and food intolerance symptoms visit www.yorktest.com.

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By Healthspan – UK’s largest direct supplier of Vitamins and Supplements

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Vitamin E can be found in several food types, but mainly in fats and oils. Examples of foods which are high in Vitamin E are:

- Sunflower oil
- Nuts
- Red Chilli Powder and Paprika
- Dried Herbs
- Pickled Green Olives

Furthermore, you can ensure that you are getting the right amount of Vitamin E by taking supplements.

Severe Vitamin E deficiency can result in symptoms such as; muscle weakness and loss of muscle mass. Vitamin E shortage can also lead to abnormal eye movements and impaired vision. If an individual is suffering from dangerously low levels of Vitamin E they may suffer from liver or kidney problems. A fairly large proportion of the population will not be getting enough Vitamin E. However, chronically low levels of Vitamin E are uncommon in the United Kingdom.

Conversely, it is possible to be consuming too much Vitamin E and this poses a separate set of risks. Taking too many Vitamin E supplements can in some cases suppress blood coagulation which may increase the likelihood of excessive bleeding.

This is extremely rare and if you are careful with your dosage of Vitamin E, it can be very beneficial. If you are trying to increase your intake of Vitamin E by regulating the food you are eating, it should be noted that the fatty and oily food mentioned earlier should be taken in moderation, especially by individuals with a high BMI.

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Illnesses and diseases that can be triggered off by these active fats cells include heart disease, cancer and type 2 diabetes, not a disease you want to be messing with. To get the message across about the dangers of this seemingly innocuous belly fat, three of the leading health charities have got together to produce a short animated video that is both thought provoking and hard hitting.

The animated active fat cells are portrayed in the video as real evil beasties, which are considering what they can do to your body. The first step in the battle to beat active fat is to determine whether the amount of belly fat you are carrying puts you in the danger zone, and the best way to do this is to get an accurate measurement of your waist.

This video also explains that many aren’t sure where exactly to take this measurement, and it clearly shows that for the most accurate indication of your waist size is to measure the area in between your bottom rib and your hip.

The website it gives the link to www.activefat.org will tell you whether or not you are in the safe range or not for the amount of belly fat you are carrying, and also has some great tips for you to banish it. Check yourself out today and make sure you aren’t ignoring the fact that you are putting your body at risk.

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The results of the VERA study was a surprise: There was no correlation between the calories and the observed BMI. However, there were clear indications that the investigated person generally had too much fat – especially unhealthy saturated fat – and too few vitamins and minerals had been consumed. It seems plausible that not only the amount of food, but also the nature and source of dietary components play a role in the development of obesity.

Too much poor nutrition on the one hand – too little movement (energy) on the other – lead to an unhealthy energy balance. With an annual energy consumption of about 1 million kilocalories a slight change in energy balance can cause significant weight fluctuations.

Socio-cultural factors (nutrition sociology) to both over-nutrition, as well as malnutrition and lack of exercise: Sedentary activities; Slight movement thanks to cars, lifts, escalators; Passive leisure (television, computer games); Frustration, boredom, stress; eating more than needed;

Using food as a substitute for emotional and personal attention ; no common meals; negative role models, parents who are overweight often have children who are overweight; Fast Food; Portion size; Too high in fat foods, salty and sugarary foods (A flavor enhancer glutamate can stimulate appetite);

Colour and odor compounds, which make the food more appetizing; advertising of sweets and fat; taste imprint of added sugars (soft drinks, baby food, sweetened tea, even sausages! Contain sugar substitutes); Yo-yo effect after a diet (by relapse into old habits); Obesity is a sign of beauty and prosperity in some cultures; lack of awareness and lack of alternative products.

Genetic factors (heredity) characterize the basal metabolic rate, food utilization and the fat distribution pattern. The food conversion was in the days of “hunting and gathering,” an important feature of survival: those who could save excess in fat cells, could feed on them in times of scarcity.

Eating disorders and addiction are to be assumed whenever food is consumed without feeling hungry and often, compulsively large quantities of food are consumed. See the causes of eating disorders and addiction. Metabolic disorders occur in approximately 2% of the total population. The proportion of cases of metabolic diseases being caused by obesity is not yet known.

Some drugs have the side effect of weight gain, such as insulin, contraceptive medication, antidepressants, antipsychotics, corticosteroids and beta-blockers.

Certain diseases of the mother as well as drugs and chemicals, taken during pregnancy can affect fetal development and these are also suspected of the occurrence of metabolic disorders and diabetes To this end, there are – not least because of the ethical problems of experiments in this area – only a few reliable conclusions.

The recovery of food requires less labour. The digestion of easily digestible (cooked) food requires less energy. The digestion of protein and fiber-rich foods, however consumes more energy. The quality of fat plays a role. Certain fats (cholesterol, trans fatty acids) can be easily stored by the body to a certain degree (which favors not only the formation of visceral adipose tissue, but also atherosclerosis).

The waiver of such fats, however, is not a solution – the body can convert excess carbohydrates into fat and excessive protein intake (such as low-carb diet) can be harmful. Certain foods are artificially enriched with phytosterols, which are intended to reduce the transport of cholesterol in the blood. The side effects (are) for example, the hormone levels not been sufficiently explored.

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A recent survey by the UK Dept. of Health confirms previous reports that many adults and even more children and adolescents are not eating an adequate amount of fruits and vegetables that provide such crucial nutrients as vitamins A, D, B (riboflavin and folate) and specific minerals such as iron.  According to Professor David Richardson at CRN, the UK’s Council for Responsible Nutrition, many people are lacking not just one or two but multiple dietary essentials.

Richardson said continuing surveys indicate that several groups are at greatest risk of health problems due to inadequate nutrition, chiefly the elderly, and women at certain stages in their lives, adolescents and children.  He noted that the public needs to be better informed about the many food supplements available and the benefits they can offer.

Director of the Health Food Manufacturer’s Association, Graham Keen, agreed that more information is necessary, though he says that about 25% of the population is aware to some extent, and using at least one nutritional supplement on a regular basis.  Keen also stated that it’s not just the specific targeted groups who need to be reminded of the value of food supplements.  He said that even in the general population of ages 19 through 64, only about a third are meeting minimum dietary requirements.

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In modern Britain there are so many gadgets and time-saving devices around, we have all just got used to them and most do not even surprise us anymore. Whilst technology has made living our lives much easier in so many different ways, leading sports-medicine professionals have warned that an overdependence on it could lead to an early grave.

The BBC website’s weekly Scrubbing Up page, which gets industry experts to look at hot topics which affect us all in terms of sports and medicine, has been considering the above in a bid to argue that the latest devices could be posing as a health risk, making us more and more lazy.

The University College London’s Dr Emmanuel Stamatakis and Homerton Hospital’s Dr Richard Weiler have argued that this sedentary lifestyle, which may be devoid of exercise and activity, could really affect people’s health for the worse.

What they talked about is right and you can try all the weight loss pills you want, but you can’t cut corners if you want to remain in good shape. Anything you take into your system should always be accompanied by regular exercise. Surgery due to obesity should always be a last option and not a quick-fix to the problem. Old habits die hard and you may soon slip into the way you were before.

A change of attitude is required and a determination not to sit still for too long. Make sure you have a balanced diet and so if you do use accompaniments such as slimming pills, then you are not just relying on them alone. It is only sensible that if you take weight loss tablets, then you should also be eating healthily and engaging in some form of exercise on a regular basis, at least the minimum amount recommended by health professionals.

The main advice to the people of Great Britain however is to keep on the move!

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Their pulses were taken both at the beginning and end of the study as well they filled out a questionnaire relating their feelings and mood about their work. The Pomegranate Juice Company funded the research and the study showed that the vast majority of employees were more inspired, active, proud and enthusiastic.

When describing themselves they were less likely to say they were nervous, distressed, ashamed or guilty compared to two prior. The majority also had lower pulse rates after the fortnight.

Dr. Emad Al-Dujaili the lead researcher from Queen Margaret University Edinburgh.  said that with these results there is justifiable evidence supporting the argument that busy workers should drink pomegranate juice to alleviate stress and remain in good health. He continued on by saying that the juice has a wide range of health benefits and that is merits more research.

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